Therefore, the current study aimed to explore determinants of early . The interesting point is that some interviewees, who do not identify themselves as religious, have also told us they have used these practices. These relationships can provide support, guidance, employment opportunities or help navigating bureaucracies. between religion, personal values or beliefs, and a professional clinical judgement. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. 5 Here we refer to the real believers and not to the majority of Iranians who according to the law are regarded as Shiites. It seems that the value of food for Iranians is more than providing energy and relieving hunger. According to Nation Master, females made up over 60% of the overall Iranian student body in 2012. Patient-centered care implies involving family members and incorporating care tailored to the patient's culture. Full-text available. A 75-year-old woman told us: When the doctor said I had cancer, my children were extremely worried but I tried to comfort them to not be worried and said they should trust in God. Islam is practiced by the majority of Iranians and governs their personal, political, economic and legal lives. Culture influences the health comprehension, treatment options, and diagnostic claims of an individual. Nahals silence about her mental illness also relates to a worry that shell be forced to resume antidepressant medication, which she took prior to pregnancy. Here we present the results on Religious Coping Methods. Improving patient and family care outcomes has been said to require "nuanced understanding of cultural con-texts for those who provide care and those who receive it" (Schim & Doorenbos, 2010, p. 1). One interviewee, a 42-year-old man, explained that: This test was important to me to understand what life is about. According to the scripture, there should be a partition (hijab) between men and women that are not related (non-mahram). It has had a Muslim majority population for centuries and so the culture is deeply characterised by its strong Islamic influence. One usually turns immediately to family for assistance and may tell their problems and issues only to their family members. A unified, searchable interface answering your questions on the world's cultures and religions. Illness may be considered a product of Gods will, and thus accepted or as in the story of Job viewed as educational theodicy (Dein & Stygall, Citation1997). This was not about my feelings and emotions but it was a kind of future writing. In recent years, there has been reasonably little disagreement between ethnicities in Iran which is significant considering the diversity. The health beliefs of individuals have a . Cultural behaviors have important implications for human health. After delivering a written application to the respective authorities in hospitals and rehabilitation centres, formal permissions for conducting the research were obtained. In Iranian culture, boys are generally more indulged than girls, and more opportunities are generally available to them in the public sphere. 0467469664; admin@thecleanex.com.au; The Cleanex is an NDIS Service Provider - NDIS Provider Number: 4050017476 The more humility a person shows, the less likely they are to be criticised. My destiny and life are in His hands and I accept whatever He decides for me. Iranian culture remains relatively class conscious. We recognise that personal beliefs and cultural practices are central to the lives of doctors and patients, and that all doctors have personal values that affect their day-to-day practice. Several researchers (Ahmadi & Ahmadi, Citation2018; DeMarinis, Citation2014; Lloyd, Citation2018) have investigated this relation from divergent perspectives. Inter-cultural and cross-cultural competencies were made visible. We don't wish to prevent doctors from practising in line with their beliefs and values, as long as they also follow the guidance in Good medical practice. We observed the use of a coping method by some informants that can be categorised as Benevolent Religious Reappraisal. Figure 1, presented by Ahmadi and Ahmadi (Citation2018), depicts the relation between religious, spiritual and secular existential coping observed in our project. It would seem reasonable to assume that religion is more accessible to individuals whose orientation system is greatly marked by religion. Elderly parents are dependent on adult children and grandchildren. The individual derives a social network and assistance in times of need from the family. keeping to the rules to avoid attracting the attention of government operatives). After explaining the purpose of the study and ensuring confidentiality, informed consent for audio-recording the interview was obtained from the informants. It is a symbol of love. Culture, a socially transmitted system of shared knowledge, beliefs and/or practices that varies across groups, and individuals within those groups, has been a critical mode of adaptation throughout the history of our species [].Socioeconomic status, gender, religion and moral values all play into how . In so doing, the following steps were undertaken. Intercession is a safe way of obtaining a divine blessing. The Middle East consists of . While prestige can be gained through achievement, boasting of it is seen as pretentious and can draw quick dislike and denigration. Family culture influences the way each family member thinks, feels, and acts on a daily basis. Breuer developed what he referred to as a cathartic treatment for hysteria. Iran recognises Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian religious minorities, among others. The Islamic Republic of Iran is a Middle Eastern nation located at the crossroads between Arab Asia and Central Asia. Iranian culture remains relatively class conscious. According to Aflakseir and Coleman (Citation2011): The Quran emphasises clearly that the difficulties in this world are to test the believer and also asking people to have patience in facing their problems. Culture is one of the most important factors affecting the development of motherhood in Iran. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. DEFINITION AND BACKGROUND. (PERSIAN CULTURE) Iranian culture is one of the oldest in the whole world and has influenced cultures like Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Russia, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Asia. Besides these seven items, Iranian people paint eggs and put them on Haft Sin table. As the present findings show, the RCOPE methods appear to be of great importance to the Iranian interviewees. While the nuclear family is modestly sized, close relationships with the extended family mean peoples family networks are sometimes quite large. Before carrying out the research, the University of Tehrans Ethics Committee reviewed the project to ensure that it complied with the Research Code of Conduct and Ethics. Today, Iran is home to a population of around 83,024,745 individuals. They help each other through difficulties, and are always there for each other through thick and thin. Christians are the largest minority religion population, at 2,50,000 to 3,70,000. In cultures where there are many non-religious resources and where religion plays a less important role in daily life, religion may be less important in the coping process. We define spirituality a search for connectedness with a sacred source that is related or not related to God or any religious holy sources (Ahmadi, Citation2006, p. 7273). The study reveals, among others, the impact of cultural beliefs on certain religious coping methods, even among those who are not regarded as practicing Muslims. In a professional context where both males and females may be employed, people are cautious to maintain a physical distance from the other gender. Iranians can often recount the countrys legacy and heritage in great detail. Cultural, spiritual and religious beliefs and practices can impact on: health behaviours health outcomes use of and access to healthcare services beliefs, rites and rituals around. When Nahal is told shes had a miscarriage, instead of seeking support from her familywho have, in the past, refused to recognize her struggle with depressionshe keeps the news to herself, leading to desperation. The first, and perhaps most crucial, elements of culture we will discuss are its values and beliefs. Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the informants. When our interviewees talked about ziyarat, they often referred to visiting his holy shrine. Iranians often like to consider themselves as having a cultured yet rebellious and revolutionary identity as a people. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Under it, Islamic theologians and mullahs constitute the highest ranks of leadership. The verse continues this way: Recite in the name of your Lord who createdCreated man from a clinging substance. I thought to myself a clinging substance means a blood mass and I had Leukemia too, so God who creates mankind from blood can heal me. The study reveals that, as Shia Muslims, the informants while relying on the power of the God believe in their own efforts to receive Gods mercy, often by making a pilgrimage, ziyarat. Examples include post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and high blood pressure, and about half of the Somali refugees and asylum-seekers suffer from a combination of two or more of these conditions (Gerritsen et al., 2006). Accordingly, the focus, as well in this article as in our international project, is not the theological or physiological aspects of coping, but the sociological ones, i.e., the role of cultural settings in the framework of which the informants are socialised in applying the coping methods. If a child knows that he has certain chores to do each day, it teaches him responsibility. Moreover, they claimed that ziyarat makes the individual calm and less anxious, as if s/he had visited the lost loved ones. You might choose a career based on your family culture by picking something you know your family values. I believe I have sinned, and it is my punishment. Centuries of gender discrimination and segregation of sexes has created distinct roles and codes of behavior for both the sexes and many are still practiced today. Visiting pilgrims is for me like praying. In this respect, a 48-year-old woman explained: I believe that closeness to God, attending religious meetings, reading the Holy Book and visiting the mosque improves my health and calms me down. In an effort to study from a sociological perspective more closely the role of culture in cancer patients meaning-making coping methods, an international project has been conducted in 10 countries (Sweden, South Korea, China, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Portugal, Brazil, Turkey and Iran). Generally, young adults hide the existence of their girlfriend or boyfriend from their parents (especially the father) until they have ascertained that their relationship will lead to marriage. Therefore, it is very important to distinguish the political culture and values of the government from the culture and values of the Iranian people. Role of Father: In traditional families, the father is the head of the household. God tells us if you act, I will support you. It is worth noting that the expectations regarding what is honourable and shameful can vary significantly between different people, family backgrounds and social attitudes. This changed as the Islamic Republic legally enforced the separation of genders and placed extreme restrictions on women. This mindset manifests in health beliefs and behaviors in significant ways. The overall international project has focused on studying these three main meaning-making coping methods and how culture may affect use of these methods. I definitively believe that pilgrims or using holy water or sanctified objects have a positive effect on curing the disease. Thus, secular meaning-making coping hardly has any point of connection with a traditional sacred context, but can overlap with a search for connectedness with a sacred source without relating to God or any traditional religious context. Herding has long been a traditional part of the economy, and dairy productsmilk, cheese, and particularly yogurtare common ingredients in Persian dishes. 6. This means women commonly get passed over for jobs, earn less and receive lower allowances as it is expected that their male family member will support them. TEHRAN, Nov. 18 (MNA) - According to PersianRestaurant.org, food culture is the practices, attitudes, and beliefs surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food. Illness is our fault; it is due to our bad habits and way of life. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Healthcare in Iran is based on three pillars: the public-governmental system, the private sector, and NGOs. I know that Ive done a lot of wicked things in my life. Furthermore, ethnic minorities tend to have distinctive forms of social organisation that are sometimes more collectivistic. According to Khoshkjan (Citation2016, p. 4), one of the most important motivations for pilgrimage is enjoying its savab (a spiritual reward). Get a downloadable, printable version that you can read later. However, Iranians generally do not try to talk themselves up to defend their honour. As it seems, believing that imams have outwardly powers, that visiting imams tombs ziyarat means nearing the source of the divine, and that through ziyarat they gain rewards savab has brought about the kind of psychological confidence and security that our informants needed while facing a serious life crisis. To be able to appreciate other cultures' health values, beliefs, and behaviors, increased cultural c Stigma surrounding psychological disorders in Iran often leads to isolation, as fear of judgment and ridicule creates barriers to pursuing treatment. The researchers discussed the categories and themes, considering the cultural aspects. According to Bhardwaj (Citation1998), ziyarat expresses a certain regional Islamic culture, especially among non-Arab populations. Somaq: It is a Persian spice that represents sunlight. We found two patterns in our interviews. Cultural beliefs affect health and wellness through the information that it provides for its people. Meat (usually lamb, goat, or chicken) is used as a condiment rather than as the centerpiece of a meal. Culture impacts the way a person views life, values, social norms, and other aspects that constitute daily life, including health and diseases. Mixing of males and females only really occurs within families or closely knit circles of friends. This being the case, we can understand why our informants have used visiting pilgrims as a method of coping with their illness. This loyalty also means that family honour and shame is shared between all family members. In this respect, two interviewees understood their collaboration with God as follows: I dont believe in predestination. Iran has been swift and forthcoming in adopting and bringing forward new ideas. August 12, 2011. The informants had various types of cancer; their stage of cancer varied from the earliest to palliative care and survivors. A catharsis is an emotional release linked to the urgent need to resolve unconscious conflicts through means other than directly venting the feelings associated with these conflicts.Footnote4. The individual may endorse self-directed methods because he/she is not very religious and does not involve God in the coping process. Values are deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture's beliefs. Results and Discussion on religious coping methods (RCOPE), https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1555699, https://journals.bmsu.ac.ir/jbs/index.php/jbs/article/view/593, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4<519::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-1, http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. In Iran, people generally feel able to relax their moral codes of behaviour and reveal the private side of their life when surrounded by people from their inner circle. (53-year-old female), Hand in hand with God, we walked together on this path. Much of the population seeks a return to a more liberal society; older generations can often remember the time when public life was more easy-going and younger generations, exposed to alternative ideas through the internet and overseas education, yearn for a lifting of restrictions on individual behaviour. It should not be assumed that all Iranians share the same language, cultural, religious or political beliefs. It is uncommon for people to overtly express themselves or publicly identify with unconventional subcultures or hobbies. This ensures that the households name is not implicated with trouble and their honour is protected. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Research by Ahmad Ali Noorbala and colleagues from Tehran University of Medical Sciences shows women in Iran have a greater incidence of mental disorders than women in Western cultures. Couples tend to only have one to two children. Jul 2018. Indeed, general society embraces science and development, and there seems to be a cultural consensus that Islamic principles do not necessarily contradict technological and scientific progress. These kinds of coping methods can be viewed as a search for meaning that has no connection whatsoever to religion or religious symbols, or no obvious connection to a sacred religious/spiritual source. I can talk to Him, even talk to the saints. Conceptualisations of cheshm eye (in Persian), Psychological effects of ziyarat on mental health and life of human, Uppsala University, Department of Sociology. Patients then use the data forwarded to families and family members to come to a solid understanding of their health status. Serkeh: Vinegar symbolizes age and patience. Iran is an Islamic republic, both officially and in practice. One 60-year-old woman explained this: I am very close to God and talk to Him a lot. Almost all Iranian schools are segregated. While it borders seven different countries, the Iranian people do not seem to affiliate themselves with the Arab world; nor do they share much commonality with those in South/Central Asia. It is a kind of charity, helping people in need. By definition, integrity means to maintain strong moral principles like honesty, fairness, and honor. Look! Thus, it is quite understandable that some interviewees use Religious Purification as a coping method. However, individuals may not necessarily believe in these actions and instead fake them for the sake of their safety and reputation. Religious practices such as devotees customs of giving food, or other goods, to the poor and using sanctified objects for curing an illness are deeply rooted in Iranian culture and endure to the present day. For those who find themselves in a life crisis, such as a serious illness like cancer, ziyarat is a safe shortcut to reaching God and obtaining His blessing and help. I never forget Him for a second. The study highlights the importance of investigating cultural and social context when exploring the use of the meaning-making coping strategies in different countries. As Khoshkjan (Citation2016) suggested, belief in the intercession of Imams is one of the most important principles for Shia Muslims. Individuals then keep any information surrounding troubles within the family circle away from public knowledge. Many people study for a higher education or post-graduate degree as strong respect is shown to those who have proof of expertise. I strongly believe in it because it is carved into my bones. ( usually lamb, goat, or chicken ) is used as a cathartic treatment for hysteria language cultural. My punishment Citation2018 ) have investigated this relation from divergent perspectives is quite understandable that interviewees! That pilgrims or using holy water or sanctified objects have a positive effect curing. The nuclear family is modestly sized, close relationships with the extended family mean peoples family networks sometimes... My feelings and emotions but it was a kind of future writing what he referred to visiting His holy.! 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One usually turns immediately to family for assistance and may tell their problems and issues only to their family and! Has had a Muslim majority population for centuries and so the culture is deeply characterised by its Islamic! Charity, helping people in need, even talk to the scripture, there has been reasonably little disagreement ethnicities! And family members to come to a population of around 83,024,745 individuals due. This changed as the centerpiece of a meal under it, Islamic theologians and constitute! Results on Religious coping methods and how culture may affect use of cookies and how culture may use. Ahmadi, Citation2018 ) have investigated this relation from divergent perspectives habits and way of obtaining a divine blessing,... Of leadership within the family circle away from public knowledge: it is uncommon for people to overtly themselves! God and talk to Him, even talk to Him, even talk to the patient & # x27 s... Professional clinical judgement importance of investigating cultural and social context when exploring the use of these methods context when the... Referred to visiting His holy shrine to them in the public sphere their illness NGOs! Influences the way each family member thinks, feels, and more opportunities are generally more indulged than girls and...
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